新加坡內政部長尚穆根先生在國會發布新加坡國家禁毒政策的部長聲明，聲明主要涵蓋四個方面，本文重點闡述全球和區域毒品形勢。

以下內容為新加坡眼根據國會英文資料翻譯整理：

尚穆根先生（內政部長）：謝謝議長先生。先生，多年來，我們的禁毒政策不斷發展，以應對毒品威脅不斷變化的性質。

我發表這份部長聲明，闡述我們的政策框架、政策制定的原因以及我們打算採取的更多措施。現在發表這份聲明的原因是：我們有嚴格的國家禁毒政策；這是必要的、有效的，而且得到了新加坡人的大力支持。我稍後會說明這一點。

但我們的做法受到了一些幫助囚犯濫用法律程序的人的批評。法院表示，他們試圖阻撓法律程序，阻止執行懲罰。我將闡述這一情況的更廣泛背景——說明這些批評是如何毫無根據的。我還將闡述我們打算對那些濫用法律程序的企圖採取哪些措施。

我將在本聲明中涵蓋四個方面。首先，我將討論全球和區域毒品形勢。其次，我將談論毒品貿易的威脅以及我們應對這一威脅的方法。第三，我將談論一些傳播錯誤信息並試圖破壞我們毒品政策的企圖。我還將表明，儘管存在這些企圖，但公眾仍然強烈支持我們的方法和政策，包括死刑。第四，我將闡述我們進一步加強毒品管制政策的計劃。

議長先生，先生，如果您允許，我要求在我發言時在 LED 螢幕上顯示一些幻燈片和照片。

議長先生：請繼續。[幻燈片已向各位議員展示。]

尚穆根先生：首先，我來談談全球毒品形勢。世界上每個地區都受到毒品的影響。

我從歐洲開始。歐洲國家，第一世界國家，受到的打擊非常嚴重。歐洲港口被一家大型周刊描述為「毒品樞紐」和「毒品安全地帶」。它還說，在歐盟，一半的兇殺案和超過四分之一的非法槍枝繳獲都與販毒有關。因此，各位議員可以想想，究竟有多少人因此喪生。

讓我們來看看一些具體的國家。在荷蘭，僅 2023 年，荷蘭海關就繳獲了超過 60,000 公斤的古柯鹼。我在幻燈片上列出了一些荷蘭高層人士的言論。在港口城市鹿特丹，一些年僅 14 歲的兒童被招募為「古柯鹼收集者」，從海運貨櫃中收集毒品。

今年 1 月，阿姆斯特丹市長Femke Halsema表示，荷蘭有可能成為一個「毒品國家」，非法毒品交易變得「更加有利可圖、更加專業化和更加殘酷暴力」。想想歐洲一個大城市的市長這樣說會有什麼影響，以及這意味著什麼。荷蘭最大警察工會主席Jan Strujis表示，該國有一個由犯罪集團、槍擊和殺戮控制的平行經濟。前司法和安全部長Grapperhaus表示，對政客、律師和記者的「過度暴力」「不再是禁忌」。

瑞典被認為是世界上最安全的地方之一，但也受到毒品和幫派暴力的嚴重影響。自 2013 年以來，致命槍擊案的數量增加了一倍多。2022 年，發生了 391 起槍擊事件、90 起爆炸事件、101 起用爆炸物未遂襲擊事件。這些都與犯罪團伙之間爭奪毒品和武器有關。

時任警察局長Thornberg說：「公民感到害怕，不安全感正在增加。」瑞典年輕人的生命正在被這種毫無意義的暴力摧毀。2022 年，30% 的幫派暴力嫌疑人年齡在 15 至 20 歲之間。一位為青少年槍擊案受害者和嫌疑人提供代理服務的律師告訴 BBC：瑞典的孩子們正在用他們自己的書包，我引用他的話說，「不是用來裝書，而是用肩膀扛起瑞典的毒品市場。」

再看比利時，去年，在安特衛普（Antwerp），一名 11 歲女孩在自己家中被槍殺。這與一起與毒品有關的幫派糾紛有關。在過去十年中，安特衛普發生了數百起此類事件：槍擊、手榴彈襲擊、火災和爆炸。許多事件都與幫派暴力有關，他們試圖從古柯鹼交易中分一杯羹。

安特衛普市長巴特·德·韋弗 (Bart De Wever) 稱，這種情況比 2016 年布魯塞爾爆炸案的威脅「大得多」。布魯塞爾爆炸案成為全世界的頭條新聞。當恐怖分子襲擊時，它就成了大新聞。但毒品暴力卻被忽視了，儘管毒品暴力的規模更大、威脅更持久，影響到更多的人，而且確實應該更加認真對待。

去年，比利時海關緝獲的古柯鹼數量創下了紀錄，超過了全美國的海關和邊境官員。他們在比利時的焚化爐無法快速焚燒所繳獲的毒品，因此這些被沒收的毒品被稱為 "古柯鹼山"。

海關官員現在對媒體說，他們永遠不會贏得與販毒集團的戰爭。那麼，大家可以捫心自問，為什麼一個第一世界國家的官員會這樣說：他們無法贏得與販毒集團的鬥爭？

在英國，巴羅因弗內斯（Barrow-in-Furness） 的例子顯示毒品如何嚴重破壞一個地方。在過去十年中，該鎮一直飽受毒品使用和毒品相關死亡事件的困擾。2018 年，與鴉片相關的死亡人數是全國平均水平的兩倍。它被稱為全國 "最臭名昭著的棕色小鎮"。去年，毒品犯罪案件與前一年相比激增了近 50%。

這裡的情況令人沮喪：鎮里的建築大多被木板封住，遭到破壞，街道上散落著破碎的家具，窗戶被砸碎。企業和居民表示，如果情況不改變，他們可能別無選擇，只能離開小鎮。從 2011 年到 2021 年，小鎮人口減少了 2.4%，而同期英格蘭人口卻增加了 6.6%。

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我還應該補充一點，在比利時，司法部長，也就是我的同行，不得不住在安全屋外，因為警方無法保證他的安全。

讓我們看看南美洲，聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室（禁毒辦）說，21 個國家中有 18 個現在是古柯鹼的主要過境來源。

厄瓜多曾經被視為一個和平的國家。如今，它已被毒品和暴力摧殘得支離破碎。從 2018 年到 2022 年，厄瓜多的兇殺率增長了四倍，兇殺率目前位居世界第八。斬首、汽車爆炸、暗殺警察、槍殺兒童的報道不絕於耳。在一個販毒集團的藏身處，警方發現了一批毛絨玩具。據說，幫派利用這些玩具吸引幼童，然後招募他們成為毒販，交給他們武器，強迫他們從事毒品交易。

在墨西哥，由於販毒集團之間的地盤爭奪戰，謀殺、綁架和強迫失蹤幾乎每天都在發生。自 2006 年以來，已有近 45 萬人被殺害，其中相當一部分被認為與毒品和毒品交易有關。

我們來到北美洲。近年來，一些地方選擇將毒品非刑罪化。他們的立場是，吸毒是個人選擇，應該去污名化，並在一定條件下允許吸毒。另一些地方則認為問題已經失控，他們的解決辦法是在所謂的 "安全 "條件下允許吸毒。例如，他們將個人持有低於一定限度的毒品非刑罪化。結果如何呢？

以舊金山為例。2014年，該市通過法律，將持有毒品的罪行從嚴重罪行降低為輕罪，並對其進行行政處理。你知道警方會怎麼做嗎？他們降低了優先級，決定不再嚴厲打擊公開吸毒和小規模藏毒行為。十年後的今天，任何人到訪這座城市，都會看到人們生活在主要街道兩旁貧民窟般的環境中，尋找下一次吸毒的機會。去年，舊金山因吸毒過量導致的死亡率創下歷史新高。是美國全國平均水平的兩倍多。

一些選擇毒品合法化的地方已經意識到，結果並不像承諾的那樣，並已經改變了政策。

2020 年，美國俄勒岡州將吸食和持有少量古柯鹼、冰毒和海洛因等大多數毒品非刑罪化。俄勒岡州 58% 的選民對此表示支持。他們認為這是解決問題的辦法。這樣警方就可以專注於其他工作，吸毒者會感到不那麼受歧視，並會尋求治療。

但俄勒岡州的人們很快就看到了這一政策的結果。從 2019 年到 2022 年，因吸毒過量死亡的人數增加了一倍多，從約 600 人增加到約 1300 人。人們在街上感到不安全，企業開始撤離，情況變得非常糟糕。到去年 2023 年 8 月，俄勒岡州大多數人希望廢除這項措施，而今年— 2024 年，他們又改變了政策，重新將持有毒品定為刑事犯罪，即使是少量的毒品。

讓我再舉一個例子。去年，加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省將毒品非刑罪化，試圖降低吸毒過量率。結果，吸毒過量致死的人數比前一年增加了5%以上。公眾也對公開吸毒表示強烈反對。

今年早些時候，該省政府試圖限制人們可以吸毒的公共場所。但最高法院阻止了這一措施，稱其可能（我引用一下）對吸毒者造成 "無法彌補的傷害"。法院說，吸毒者獨自面對吸毒過量的風險，因為他們可以吸食毒品和聚集的公共場所會減少。

不列顛哥倫比亞省一個城市的市長Brad West表示，法院脫離了公眾，阻止了這項措施，我引用他的話說，"允許在公共場猖獗吸毒，忽視了對他人造成的傷害"。

上個月，英國廣播公司報道說，不列顛哥倫比亞省當局正在緊急行動，重新將在公共場所使用吸毒定為犯罪。我想對各位議員說的是，當他們試驗這樣的法律時，他們實際上是在試驗人們的生命，包括無辜幼童的生命。

這些政策和政策的轉變會對一代造成長期的影響，而且這種影響是難逆轉。如果父母和監護人成為癮君子、無家可歸者和失業者，那麼孩子們也會受到相應的影響。

讓我們看看一個在美國長大的孩子的親身經歷，他的母親是一名古柯鹼濫用者："從 7 歲到 12 歲，我們幾乎都是自己一個人生活。有時，我們會被單獨留在家裡好幾天。我們沒有燈、水，也沒有暖氣。晚上，我們會圍著火爐取暖。情況越來越糟，我們開始把母親的鑰匙藏起來，以防她去毒品窩點。

2021 年，蓋洛普報告稱，約有 32% 的美國人說吸毒是他們家庭麻煩的根源，占美國總人口的三分之一。自 1999 年以來，這一比例幾乎翻了一番，當時為 17%。

兒童和下一代才是真正的受害者。一項研究估計，2017 年，美國約有 220 萬兒童和青少年的父母患有阿片類藥物使用障礙，或者他們自己也受到阿片類藥物的影響。該研究預計，到 2030 年，這一數字將上升到 430 萬，幾乎翻了一番。

這些兒童往往沒有一個合適的成長環境，沒有可以學習的榜樣，也沒有穩定的環境來支撐他們的成長。沒有基本的支持，他們的教育成果較差，更有可能患上藥物使用障礙，並提前出現慢性疾病。

如此循環往復。真的，我們不禁要問：誰來為這數百萬兒童的人權發聲？

在東南亞，緬甸、泰國和寮國三國交界的金三角地區是毒品的主要產區。聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室在 2022 年報告稱，東亞和東南亞的冰毒 "簡直可以游泳"。僅在 2022 年，該地區就緝獲了 151 噸冰毒。

在供應委員會上，我談到了泰國的情況。當大麻合法化後，幾乎在任何地方--餐館、便利店甚至學校附近--都能立即買到大麻。

在大麻合法化後的六個月內，上癮者人數增加了四倍。一些青少年和兒童食用了添加大麻的餅乾、糖果和甜食--他們認為這些都是普通的零食--但最終不得不住院治療。泰國政府最近宣布，計劃在今年年底前重新禁止娛樂性使用大麻。原因不難理解，但要做到這一點並不容易，因為如果部分大麻合法，部分大麻不合法，那麼執法工作就絕對不會輕鬆。

無論如何，投資該行業的企業可能會大力反擊，而那些現在已經對毒品上癮的人將會發現很難戒掉毒癮，他們需要得到醫療系統的支持。在許多情況下，後果可能是不可逆轉的。

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無論如何，投資該行業的企業可能會大力反擊，而那些現在已經對毒品上癮的人將會發現很難戒掉毒癮，他們需要得到醫療系統的支持。在許多情況下，後果可能是不可逆轉的。影響將非常持久。

如果你看看馬來西亞，大麻緝獲量從 2021 年的 3，700 公斤躍升至 2022 年的 6，200 公斤，這只是一個令人擔憂的統計數據，還有許多其他數據。

以下是英文質詢內容：

The Minister for Home Affairs (Mr K Shanmugam): Thank you, Mr Speaker, Sir. Sir, our drug control policies have evolved over the years, to meet the changing nature of the threats from drugs.

I make this Ministerial Statement to set out the framework of our policies; the reasons for our policies; and what more we intend to do. The reason for making this Statement now is this: we have a strict national drug control policy; it is necessary, it is effective and it is well-supported by Singaporeans. I will show that later.

But our approach has been criticised by some who are helping inmates to abuse the legal process. The Courts have said that they try and frustrate the legal process and prevent the penalties from being carried out. I will set out the broader context for the situation – show how these criticisms are without merit. I will also set out what we intend to do about those attempts to abuse our legal process.

I will cover four areas in this Statement. First, I will discuss the global and regional drug situation. Second, I will speak about the threat from the drug trade and our approach to that threat. Third, I will speak about some attempts to spread misinformation and try and undermine aspects of our drug policies. I will also show that, despite these attempts, there is strong public support for our approach and policies, including the death penalty. And fourth, I will set out our plans to further strengthen our drug control policies.

With your permission, Mr Speaker, Sir, I ask to display some slides and photos on the LED screens as I speak.

Mr Speaker: You may proceed. [Slides were shown to hon Members.]

Mr K Shanmugam: Let me begin by speaking about the global drug situation. Every region, every region in the world is being affected by drugs.

I start with Europe. European countries, first world countries, have been very hard hit. Europe's ports have been described by a major weekly as "drug hubs" and "safe terrain for narcotics". It also said that in the European Union (EU), half of all homicides and more than a quarter of illegal firearms seizures were linked to drug trafficking. So, Members can consider just how many lives have been lost.

So, let us look at some specific countries. In the Netherlands, a record of over 60,000 kilogrammes of cocaine was seized by Dutch Customs in 2023 alone. I have set out on the slides, some of the quotes from senior people in the Netherlands. In the port city of Rotterdam, children, some as young as 14 years old, are being recruited as "cocaine collectors" to get the drugs from shipping containers.

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In January this year, the Mayor of Amsterdam Femke Halsema said the Netherlands risks becoming a "narco-state". The illegal drugs trade has grown "more lucrative, professional and ruthlessly violent". Think of a Mayor of a major European city saying that and what the implications are. The chief of the largest police union in the Netherlands Jan Strujis has said the country had a parallel economy controlled by crime groups, shootings and killings. A former Justice and Security Minister Grapperhaus has said that "excessive violence" against politicians, lawyers and journalists was "no longer taboo".

Sweden, considered one of the safest places in the world, has also been seriously affected by drug- and gang-related violence. Since 2013, the number of fatal shootings has more than doubled. In 2022, there were 391 shootings, 90 explosions, 101 attempted attacks with explosives. These were linked to fights between criminal gangs over drugs and arms.

The then-police chief Thornberg said and, I quote, "citizens are afraid, insecurity is increasing". Young lives in Sweden are being destroyed by this senseless violence. In 2022, 30% of suspects for gang-related violence were between 15 and 20 years old. A lawyer who represents teenage shooting victims and suspects told the BBC: children in Sweden are using their, and I quote, "own bags, not to carry books, but they carry the drug markets of Sweden on their shoulders."

Turning to Belgium, last year, in Antwerp, an 11-year-old girl was killed in a shooting in her own home. It was linked to a drug-related gang dispute. In the last decade, there have been hundreds of such incidents in Antwerp: shootings, grenade attacks, fires and bombings. Many were linked to gang-related violence trying for a piece of the cocaine trade.

The mayor of Antwerp Bart De Wever has described the situation as being a "much bigger" threat than the 2016 Brussels bombings. The Brussels bombings made headlines around the world. When terrorists attack, it becomes big news. But with drug violence, it gets ignored even though it is much bigger and a more continuous threat which affects many more people and, really, this should be taken more seriously.

Last year, the Belgian customs seized a record amount of cocaine more than the customs and border officials in all of the United States (US). Their incinerators in Belgium were not able to burn the seized drugs quickly enough and the confiscated stash has earned the nickname "cocaine-berg".

Customs officials now tell the media that they will never win the war against the cartels. So, Members can ask themselves why are officials in a first-world country saying this: that they cannot win the fight against the narcotic gangs?

In the United Kingdom (UK), the example of Barrow-in-Furness shows how drugs can seriously damage a place. In the last decade, the town has been plagued by drug use and drug-related deaths. In 2018, its opiate-related deaths were double the national average. It became known as the country’s "most infamous brown town". Last year, there was an almost 50% jump in drug offences compared to the previous year.

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The situation is dismal: town buildings mostly boarded up and vandalised, broken furniture strewn on the streets, windows smashed. Businesses and residents say that they may have no choice but to leave the town if things do not change. From 2011 to 2021, the town population decreased by 2.4% while England's population increased by 6.6% over the same period.

I should have added in Belgium, the Justice Minister, my counterpart, has to live out of safe houses because the police cannot guarantee his safety.

Let us look at South America, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) said that 18 out of 21 countries are now the main sources of transit for cocaine.

Ecuador was once seen as a peaceful country. It has become wrecked with drugs and violence. From 2018 to 2022, its homicide rates increased by four times and the homicide rates are now the eighth highest in the world. There are reports of beheadings, car bombings, assassinations of police officers, children being gunned down. In one hideout used by the drug cartels, the police uncovered a collection of stuffed toys. Gangs are said to have used the toys to attract young children and then recruited them as drug pushers and handed them weapons and forced them into the drug trade.

In Mexico, murders, abductions, forced disappearances are almost daily occurrences due to turf wars between drug cartels. Since 2006, nearly 450,000 people have been killed, a significant number of these killings are believed to be linked to drugs and the drug trade.

We move to North America. In recent years, some places have chosen to decriminalise drugs. They take the position that drug use is a personal choice and it should be destigmatised and allowed under certain conditions. Others say that the problem has gotten out of control and their solution is to allow drug abuse under so-called "safe" conditions. For example, they have decriminalised personal possession of drugs below certain limits. And what are the results?

Consider San Francisco. In 2014, it passed laws to reduce the offence of drug possession from a serious offence to a misdemeanour which is to be dealt with administratively. And you know what police would do then? They de-prioritised, decided that they will not deal strictly with open-drug use and small-scale possession. A decade later, anyone visiting the city now will see people living in slum-like conditions along major streets, looking for their next fix. Last year, San Francisco's death rate from drug overdoses reached a record high. It was more than double the US national average.

Some places, which chose to legalise drugs, have realised that the results were not as promised and have reversed their policies.

In 2020, the US State of Oregon decriminalised use and possession of small amounts of most drugs, including cocaine, meth and heroin. Fifty-eight percent of voters in Oregon supported it. They thought this was the solution. Police can then focus on other work and abusers would feel less stigmatised and abusers will seek treatment.

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But people in Oregon soon saw the results of this policy. From 2019 to 2022, the number of drug overdose deaths more than doubled from about 600 to about 1,300. People felt unsafe on the streets, businesses started leaving and the situation got very bad. By August 2023, last year, a majority of people in Oregon wanted to repeal the measure and in 2024 this year, they reversed course. They re-criminalised possession of drugs for even small amounts.

Let me give another example. Last year, the Canadian province of British Columbia decriminalised drugs to try and reduce its overdose rates. Instead, the number of drug overdose deaths increased by more than 5% from the year before. There was also public backlash against the open drug use.

Earlier this year, the provincial government tried to restrict the public places where people could consume drugs. But the Supreme Court blocked the measure, saying it could, and I quote, "cause irreparable harm" to drug users. The Court said that users were at risk of overdosing alone, since they would have fewer public places to consume drugs and where people would be present.

Brad West, a mayor from a British Columbian city, said that the courts were out of touch with the public and blocking the measure, and I quote, "ignored the harm that occurs to others by allowing rampant public use".

Last month, the BBC reported that the authorities in British Columbia were working urgently to re-criminalise the use of hard drugs in public places. My view to Members – when they experiment with laws like this, they are actually experimenting with the lives of people, including the lives of innocent young children.

The policies and u-turns have a long-term impact on the next generation and the impact cannot be easily reversed. Parents and guardians, if they become drug addicts, homeless and unemployed – it is the children who would suffer this proportionately.

Let us look at a sobering personal account of a child who grew up in America with a mother who was a cocaine abuser: "From the ages of seven to 12, we were pretty much on our own. Sometimes, we would be left alone for days at a time. We would not have lights, water or heat. At night, we would huddle around the stove for warmth. It got so bad that we started hiding our mother's keys just to keep her from going to the crack house."

In 2021, Gallup reported that about 32% of Americans say that drug use has been a cause of trouble in their family, one-third of all Americans. That is almost double the proportion since 1999, when it was 17%.

Children and the next generation are the real victims. A study estimated that in 2017, about 2.2 million children and adolescents in the US had a parent with an opioid use disorder or were affected by opioids themselves. The study projected that by 2030, this number would go up to 4.3 million – nearly double.

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These children often do not have a proper home to grow up in, no role models to look up to and no stability to anchor their development. Without basic support, they have poorer educational outcomes, increased likelihood of developing substance use disorders and early emergence of chronic diseases.

The cycle will keep repeating itself. Really, one has got to ask: who speaks for the human rights of these millions of children?

Closer to home, in Southeast Asia, the Golden Triangle, where the borders of Myanmar, Thailand and Laos meet, is a major drug producing region. The UNODC reported in 2022 that East and Southeast Asia are "literally swimming" in meth. In 2022 alone, 151 tonnes of meth were seized in the region.

At the Committee of Supply, I spoke about the situation in Thailand. When cannabis was legalised, it was available immediately almost anywhere you looked – restaurants, convenience stores and even near schools.

Within six months of legalisation, the number of addicts went up four times. There were young teens and children who consumed cannabis-infused cookies, candies and sweets – they thought these were ordinary snacks – but ended up having to be hospitalised. The Thai government recently has announced plans to reimpose a ban on recreational cannabis use by the end of this year. One can see why but it is no longer going to be easy to do because if part of it is legal and part of it is not legal, then, enforcement is never going to be easy.

In any event, businesses which have invested in the industry will likely push back strongly and those who are now addicted to the drug both will find it very difficult to kick off the habit and will need to be supported by the healthcare system. The consequences, in many cases, can be irreversible. The impact will be very long-lasting.

If you look at Malaysia, cannabis seizures jumped from 3,700 kilogrammes in 2021 to 6,200 kilogrammes in 2022, just one worrying statistic – and there are many others.

Alex丨編輯

Alex丨編審

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